How Self-Regulated Learning-Oriented Instructional Design Impacts on College Students' VR/AR Flow States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract: This meta-analysis explores the impact of instructional processes on university students' flow state in VR/AR educational environments under the SRL framework. Analyzing 10 studies, results reveal robust moderate effects for full-phase SRL integration (g = 0.60, I² = 0%), while partial implementations show higher heterogeneity (I² = 89–94%) and unstable effects. Findings emphasize holistic SRL design to optimize flow experiences and reduce methodological variability in immersive education.